Nuclear propulsion, space planes
When Eli was two years old he drew the most beautiful apple I had ever seen. It was a simple Zen like, single brushed outline with a stem and leaf at the top.
After conducting much research the only question that came to mind was to ask myself what was it they were protecting and why was it so important that a complex disinformation program was set up to continually spit out stories of alien spacecraft.
I had learned that following WWII Dornberger, Von Braun’s boss in Nazi Germany, was brought to the USA in the late 40’s or early 50’s to work at Bell Labs on a project called “Bomi.” Bomi was an antipodal bomber originally conceived by Saenger for the Nazis during WWII. The idea was that if a spaceplane would reach the upper edge of the atmosphere it could skip along the atmosphere to any point around the globe and drop bombs on any country almost at will. Dornberger brought another engineer to Bell from Germany, Ehricke. Bomi eventually turned into Brass Bell which in turn became Robo and finally Dynasoar. During this period the USSR also sought to develop the same technology.
In order to get this antipodal bomber into orbit it was initially conceived along the lines of the current space shuttle program, shot into space with rockets. Chemical rockets were developed in the MX series of rockets with a dual purpose, used also as a platform for an intercontinental ballistic missile. But that program was stopped by Vannavar Bush in the early 50’s as impractical, although later a company started by Bush (Raytheon) before WWII overcame some of the technological problems by building a guidance system. Meanwhile, there was a lot of hype about the possibility of nuclear propulsion. What follows are my notes from 1996-7 regarding nuclear propulsion, something I believe RAND had been deeply involved with in the early 50’s. When the South Pasadena PD returned my briefcase in 1998 these notes had been extracted from the back of the inside sleeve and placed on top of my investigation notes. I offer this information to anyone without restriction for personal or public use.
1946-Atomic Energy Act of 1946-The Act created the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to control and develop the uses of atomic energy. (4) Its activities were supervised by Congress through a Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. The annual budget was about $3 million.
1050’s early-Tokamak-Russians invented the ion plasma engine, heated by a magnetic field. (2)
1954-Atomic Energy Act of 1954 modified the public monopoly by permitting development and operation of atomic power plants and the use of nuclear fuels. (4)
1954-The first test run of the aircraft reactor took place in October 1954. (5)
1955-Air Force and AEC set up a joint program named Space Nuclear Propulsion Office at Los Alamos to develop Rover, a nuclear rocket later renamed NERVA. (1)
1956-Lewis Laboratory leased 500 acres 50 miles west of Cleveland. “At the time of the ground breaking for the new facility aircraft nuclear propulsion appeared to be the propulsion frontier.” (1)
1956 -AEC and NASA set up a joint project in Jackass Flats, NV called KIWI to conduct a series of experimental reactors. NASA was considered an interloper in the field. They name their facility the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office. The object of research of NEPA, Nuclear Energy Propulsion Aircraft. (1)
1957- The prime force behind laboratory expansion during the early 1950’s ended in 1957 when Congress objected to continuing the costly nuclear aircraft project in the face of supersonic flight and ballistic missile development that made the nuclear aircraft concept unnecessary. (5)
1961-Pratt & Whitney and General Electric worked on nuclear propulsion for 15 years at a cost of $800 million-shielding and new awareness of environmental considerations led to its demise. (1)
1961-Electric Propulsion Lab. Developed nuclear-turbo electric system name SNAP-8. (1)
1961-In 1961 JFK cancelled the remainder of the nuclear aircraft projects. (5)
1964-SERT I, followed by SERT II and Centaur, Space Electric Rocket Test, cesium engine developed by Hughes Research Laboratory. (1)
1966-NERVA ran under full power. (2)
1972-Lawrence Livermore-limitations of solid core, high temperature and did not believe gas core rocket could be built. (2)
1972-LLL, Nuckolls, Woods-implosion system, high energy laser. Inertial confinement, compression achieved by illuminating pellets with high energy laser beams or bombarding with ion beam.
1973-LLL nuclear engine research terminated.(1)
1980-Princeton built Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. (2)
1980-Magnetic Fusion Engineering Act signed into law.
1980’s-In the 1980’s Oak Ridge again studied space reactors for SDI. (5)
1985-Project Timberwind, Babcock & Wilcox built a subscale reactor for Brookhaven National Laboratory under Project Pipe. (3)
1985-Innovative Nuclear Space Power Institute founded by Lewis Research Center, Univ. of Florida, College of Egineering, Gainsville, FL under U of F Ballistic Missile Defense Organization/Innovative Science and Technology Division and NASA, later renamed Nuclear Space Power and Propulsion Institute in 1990. Affiliated with Applied Ultrahigh Temperature Energy Engineering Research Lab. Monitored by USAF, NASA. Non-profit, activities: nuclear space power, propulsion, energy conversion, advanced thermionics, gaseous filled nuclear reactor, magnetohydrodynamic conversions, ultrahigh temperature heat regulation.
1989-90-National Research Council Study, “…the nations foremost technical need is for a new propulsion system, including nuclear space power systems and electric propulsion for flights to Mars and more distant planets.” From … the very same program Lewis Research was forced to give up in the 1970’s. (1)
1990-Timberwind concepts delivered to SDIO outline conversion of General Dynamics Atlas or Martin Marietta Titan launch vehicles to Timberwind test beds, use eight NRV to lift 70 ton payload to low earth orbit (LOE), each NVR with 250k pound thrust. (3)
Resources
1. Engine and Innovation, Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology, 1991-NASA SP-4306, Virginia P. Dawson.
2. The Coattails of God, Warner Books, 1981, Robert Powers.
3. Weapons of the 21st Century, Cresent Books, NJ, 1992, Bill Yenne.
4. Project Orion, Stanislav Ulan, Cornelius Evert. (there was another Project Orion that research for more than a decade located in Del Mar, CA that research nuclear propulsion. A book by that name became available in 2004.)
5. Oakridge National Laboratory, The First Fifty Years, The University of Tennessee Press, 1994, Leland Johnson, Daniel Schaffer.
Other sources:
Flying Reactors, Topaz II, Popular Science, 8/94, R. Nelson.
New Technologies and the Qualitative Arms Race, United Nations General Assembly, 1998.
Review of Manned Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Program, Atomic Energy Commission and Department of Defense. (fas.org/nuclear/space/anp-gao 1963)
Generally the Federation of American Scientists web site-fas.org/nuke/space/.
Afternote:
In March 2006 Aviation Week & Space Technology published an article titled “Two-Stage-To-Orbit ‘Blackstar’ System Shelved at Groom Lake? by William B. Scott. Though controversial, in retrospect it seems likely that what Trenten and I saw at Area 51 (Groom Lake) was indeed the Blackstar or a platform that gave way to the development of the Blackstar. If indeed it has been ’shelved’ that can only mean another platform has replaced it.